Geranium carolinianum aka Carolina Geranium

Geranium carolinianum is native to North America, with its range extending from New England and southern Canada south through the eastern and central United States to Florida, west to California, and down into northern Mexico. It grows naturally in diverse habitats including clay and limestone prairies, roadsides, abandoned fields, and disturbed areas throughout most of the continental United States.

Geranium carolinianum produces small five-petaled flowers approximately 8 mm (1/3 inch) across in tight terminal clusters. The blooms range from white to pale pink or lavender, with each petal notched at the tip and displaying darker venation. A distinguishing feature is that the pointed sepals are nearly as long as the petals. Flowering occurs from late March through July, with peak bloom in spring to early summer.

Geranium carolinianum propagates easily by seed, as it is a prolific self-seeder. The distinctive beak-like seed capsules split open when ripe to disperse small seeds. Seeds can be collected and sown directly in fall or early spring in poor, well-drained soil. The plant often self-sows readily without intervention, and established plants can also be carefully transplanted due to their relatively shallow taproot system.

Geranium carolinianum is exclusively an outdoor plant, thriving in USDA hardiness zones 3-10 across most of North America. It prefers full sun to partial shade and actually grows best in poor, nutrient-deficient soil—rich soil discourages its growth. Plant it in well-drained, gravelly, sandy, or clay soil with neutral to alkaline pH. It's drought-tolerant and requires minimal maintenance, making it suitable for naturalized areas, wildflower meadows, or erosion control.

Geranium carolinianum is adaptable across a wide temperature range, thriving in USDA zones 3-10. It performs best in moderate temperatures between 18-27°C (65-80°F) but tolerates both cold winters and warm summers. As a winter annual in southern regions, it germinates in fall, overwinters as a rosette, then flowers and sets seed in spring before summer heat. In northern areas, it behaves as a spring-germinating annual.

Geranium carolinianum is primarily self-pollinating, with perfect flowers containing both male and female reproductive parts. The plant can set seed without pollinators through self-fertilization, which provides reproductive assurance in any conditions. However, the flowers also attract various insects including long-tongued bees (Megachile species), short-tongued Halictid bees, and hover flies (Syrphids) that can facilitate cross-pollination between plants.

Geranium carolinianum is notably resistant to most pests and diseases. NC State Extension reports 'no significant problems' with the species. The plant is deer-resistant due to its bitter taste from high tannin content. Southern bacterial wilt is listed as a possible concern in some regions, but overall this is a robust, low-maintenance plant that rarely suffers from pest or disease issues.

All parts of Geranium carolinianum are technically edible, though quite bitter due to high tannin content. Young leaves and stems are the least bitter and can be eaten raw or cooked. The roots have the highest tannin concentration but can be made more palatable by boiling. While not typically used as a food plant due to the bitterness, foragers occasionally use young leaves in small quantities mixed with other greens. Tannins should not be consumed in excess.

Geranium carolinianum has a long history of medicinal use, primarily as an astringent due to its high tannin content. Traditional uses include treating diarrhea and digestive upset (root tea), healing wounds and stopping bleeding (poultice), soothing sore throats and canker sores (gargle), and reducing inflammation. The roots and leaves contain geraniin and hyperin, compounds showing anti-Hepatitis B activity in research. A mild tea can be made from dried leaves and stems, though use should be limited to a few weeks at a time.

Beyond its medicinal applications, Geranium carolinianum serves several practical purposes. It provides early-season nectar for bees and other pollinators when few other flowers are blooming. The seeds are eaten by birds. The plant can help stabilize soil in disturbed areas and reduce erosion. In naturalized or wildflower gardens, it adds seasonal color with minimal maintenance requirements. The tannin-rich plant material could theoretically be used for dyeing or tanning, similar to other high-tannin plants.

With its straightforward care requirements, Carolina Geranium is a hassle-free plant that anyone can enjoy.

New growth will sprout from the top of the plant as it grows upwards.

Carolina Geranium should be watered regularly, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings.

If you're planting Carolina Geranium, you need to make sure you use a potting soil that can retain moisture. While the soil should still be able to drain well, it should contain plenty of organic matter like coco coir or sphagnum moss to help it stay moist and nourish the roots of your plants. This is especially important since Crane's Bill Geranium is especially sensitive to dry soil. You can also add other amendments, such as compost, to help retain moisture and provide extra nutrients to your plants. Be sure to keep the soil evenly moist, but not soggy, throughout the growing season. With the right soil and proper care, your Carolina Geranium will thrive!

Carolina Geranium requires abundant, bright and direct light. Placing it less than one foot from a window is the best way to make sure the plant receives enough light to survive and thrive. Depending on your region, however, the current weather can affect the placement of the plant in your home. For example, in some areas the sun may be too direct and intense, so it's best to place it farther away from the window. You may also need to adjust your placement according to the season as the sunlight can change intensity over the course of the year. If you live in a region with significant temperature fluctuations, such as a desert, you may need to place the plant a bit farther away from the window to avoid extreme heat or cold. With some care and attention, your Wild Geranium will be sure to bring you many years of beauty and enjoyment.

Once the Carolina Geranium has doubled in size or after a year has passed, it should be moved to a new pot. By replacing the soil with fresh potting soil containing all the vital nutrients, your plant will receive all the sustenance it needs, negating the requirement for fertilizer. It's important to remember that plants get their energy from the sun, not fertilizer.

No verified data on the toxicity of this plant exists within Ploi's records. Should you, someone in your family, or your pet ingest plant material with an unknown toxicity level, it is recommended to seek medical advice.

During the wintertime, it is common for Carolina Geranium plants to go dormant and their growth rate may slow down. Therefore, the amount of waterings should be spaced out more.